stm32l4x.c

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// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
/***************************************************************************
 *   Copyright (C) 2015 by Uwe Bonnes                                      *
 *   bon@elektron.ikp.physik.tu-darmstadt.de                               *
 *                                                                         *
 *   Copyright (C) 2019 by Tarek Bochkati for STMicroelectronics           *
 *   tarek.bouchkati@gmail.com                                             *
 ***************************************************************************/
 
#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include "config.h"
#endif
 
#include "imp.h"
#include <helper/align.h>
#include <helper/binarybuffer.h>
#include <helper/bits.h>
#include <target/algorithm.h>
#include <target/arm_adi_v5.h>
#include <target/cortex_m.h>
#include "stm32l4x.h"
 
/* STM32L4xxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0351 (STM32L4x5/STM32L4x6)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00083560.pdf
 *
 * RM0394 (STM32L43x/44x/45x/46x)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00151940.pdf
 *
 * RM0432 (STM32L4R/4Sxx)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00310109.pdf
 *
 * STM32L476RG Datasheet (for erase timing)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/stm32l476rg.pdf
 *
 * The RM0351 devices have normally two banks, but on 512 and 256 kiB devices
 * an option byte is available to map all sectors to the first bank.
 * Both STM32 banks are treated as one OpenOCD bank, as other STM32 devices
 * handlers do!
 *
 * RM0394 devices have a single bank only.
 *
 * RM0432 devices have single and dual bank operating modes.
 *  - for STM32L4R/Sxx the FLASH size is 2Mbyte or 1Mbyte.
 *  - for STM32L4P/Q5x the FLASH size is 1Mbyte or 512Kbyte.
 * Bank page (sector) size is 4Kbyte (dual mode) or 8Kbyte (single mode).
 *
 * Bank mode is controlled by two different bits in option bytes register.
 *  - for STM32L4R/Sxx
 *    In 2M FLASH devices bit 22 (DBANK) controls Dual Bank mode.
 *    In 1M FLASH devices bit 21 (DB1M) controls Dual Bank mode.
 *  - for STM32L4P5/Q5x
 *    In 1M FLASH devices bit 22 (DBANK) controls Dual Bank mode.
 *    In 512K FLASH devices bit 21 (DB512K) controls Dual Bank mode.
 */
 
/* STM32WBxxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0493 (STM32WBA52x)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00821869.pdf
 *
 * RM0434 (STM32WB55/WB35x)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00318631.pdf
 *
 * RM0471 (STM32WB50/WB30x)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00622834.pdf
 *
 * RM0473 (STM32WB15x)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00649196.pdf
 *
 * RM0478 (STM32WB10x)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00689203.pdf
 */
 
/* STM32WLxxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0461 (STM32WLEx)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00530369.pdf
 *
 * RM0453 (STM32WL5x)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00451556.pdf
 */
 
/* STM32C0xxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0490 (STM32C0x1)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00781702.pdf
 */
 
/* STM32G0xxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0444 (STM32G0x1)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00371828.pdf
 *
 * RM0454 (STM32G0x0)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00463896.pdf
 */
 
/* STM32G4xxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0440 (STM32G43x/44x/47x/48x/49x/4Ax)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00355726.pdf
 *
 * Cat. 2 devices have single bank only, page size is 2kByte.
 *
 * Cat. 3 devices have single and dual bank operating modes,
 * Page size is 2kByte (dual mode) or 4kByte (single mode).
 *
 * Bank mode is controlled by bit 22 (DBANK) in option bytes register.
 * Both banks are treated as a single OpenOCD bank.
 *
 * Cat. 4 devices have single bank only, page size is 2kByte.
 */
 
/* STM32L5xxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0428 (STM32L552xx/STM32L562xx)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00346336.pdf
 */
 
/* STM32U0xxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0503 (STM32U0xx)
 * https://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/rm0503-stm32u0-series-advanced-armbased-32bit-mcus-stmicroelectronics.pdf
 */
 
/* STM32U5xxx series for reference.
 *
 * RM0456 (STM32U5xx)
 * http://www.st.com/resource/en/reference_manual/dm00477635.pdf
 */
 
/* Erase time can be as high as 25ms, 10x this and assume it's toast... */
 
#define FLASH_ERASE_TIMEOUT 250
#define FLASH_WRITE_TIMEOUT 50
 
 
/* relevant STM32L4 flags ****************************************************/
#define F_NONE              0
/* this flag indicates if the device flash is with dual bank architecture */
#define F_HAS_DUAL_BANK     BIT(0)
/* this flags is used for dual bank devices only, it indicates if the
 * 4 WRPxx are usable if the device is configured in single-bank mode */
#define F_USE_ALL_WRPXX     BIT(1)
/* this flag indicates if the device embeds a TrustZone security feature */
#define F_HAS_TZ            BIT(2)
/* this flag indicates if the device has the same flash registers as STM32L5 */
#define F_HAS_L5_FLASH_REGS BIT(3)
/* this flag indicates that programming should be done in quad-word
 * the default programming word size is double-word */
#define F_QUAD_WORD_PROG    BIT(4)
/* end of STM32L4 flags ******************************************************/
 
 
enum stm32l4_flash_reg_index {
    STM32_FLASH_ACR_INDEX,
    STM32_FLASH_KEYR_INDEX,
    STM32_FLASH_OPTKEYR_INDEX,
    STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX,
    STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX,
    /* for some devices like STM32WL5x, the CPU2 have a dedicated C2CR register w/o LOCKs,
     * so it uses the C2CR for flash operations and CR for checking locks and locking */
    STM32_FLASH_CR_WLK_INDEX, /* FLASH_CR_WITH_LOCK */
    STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX,
    STM32_FLASH_WRP1AR_INDEX,
    STM32_FLASH_WRP1BR_INDEX,
    STM32_FLASH_WRP2AR_INDEX,
    STM32_FLASH_WRP2BR_INDEX,
    STM32_FLASH_REG_INDEX_NUM,
};
 
enum stm32l4_rdp {
    RDP_LEVEL_0   = 0xAA,
    RDP_LEVEL_0_5 = 0x55, /* for devices with TrustZone enabled */
    RDP_LEVEL_1   = 0x00,
    RDP_LEVEL_2   = 0xCC
};
 
static const uint32_t stm32l4_flash_regs[STM32_FLASH_REG_INDEX_NUM] = {
    [STM32_FLASH_ACR_INDEX]      = 0x000,
    [STM32_FLASH_KEYR_INDEX]     = 0x008,
    [STM32_FLASH_OPTKEYR_INDEX]  = 0x00C,
    [STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX]       = 0x010,
    [STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX]       = 0x014,
    [STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX]     = 0x020,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP1AR_INDEX]   = 0x02C,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP1BR_INDEX]   = 0x030,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP2AR_INDEX]   = 0x04C,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP2BR_INDEX]   = 0x050,
};
 
static const uint32_t stm32wl_cpu2_flash_regs[STM32_FLASH_REG_INDEX_NUM] = {
    [STM32_FLASH_ACR_INDEX]      = 0x000,
    [STM32_FLASH_KEYR_INDEX]     = 0x008,
    [STM32_FLASH_OPTKEYR_INDEX]  = 0x010,
    [STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX]       = 0x060,
    [STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX]       = 0x064,
    [STM32_FLASH_CR_WLK_INDEX]   = 0x014,
    [STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX]     = 0x020,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP1AR_INDEX]   = 0x02C,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP1BR_INDEX]   = 0x030,
};
 
static const uint32_t stm32l5_ns_flash_regs[STM32_FLASH_REG_INDEX_NUM] = {
    [STM32_FLASH_ACR_INDEX]      = 0x000,
    [STM32_FLASH_KEYR_INDEX]     = 0x008, /* NSKEYR */
    [STM32_FLASH_OPTKEYR_INDEX]  = 0x010,
    [STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX]       = 0x020, /* NSSR */
    [STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX]       = 0x028, /* NSCR */
    [STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX]     = 0x040,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP1AR_INDEX]   = 0x058,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP1BR_INDEX]   = 0x05C,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP2AR_INDEX]   = 0x068,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP2BR_INDEX]   = 0x06C,
};
 
static const uint32_t stm32l5_s_flash_regs[STM32_FLASH_REG_INDEX_NUM] = {
    [STM32_FLASH_ACR_INDEX]      = 0x000,
    [STM32_FLASH_KEYR_INDEX]     = 0x00C, /* SECKEYR */
    [STM32_FLASH_OPTKEYR_INDEX]  = 0x010,
    [STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX]       = 0x024, /* SECSR */
    [STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX]       = 0x02C, /* SECCR */
    [STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX]     = 0x040,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP1AR_INDEX]   = 0x058,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP1BR_INDEX]   = 0x05C,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP2AR_INDEX]   = 0x068,
    [STM32_FLASH_WRP2BR_INDEX]   = 0x06C,
};
 
struct stm32l4_rev {
    const uint16_t rev;
    const char *str;
};
 
struct stm32l4_part_info {
    uint16_t id;
    const char *device_str;
    const struct stm32l4_rev *revs;
    const size_t num_revs;
    const uint16_t max_flash_size_kb;
    const uint32_t flags; /* one bit per feature, see STM32L4 flags: macros F_XXX */
    const uint32_t flash_regs_base;
    const uint32_t fsize_addr;
    const uint32_t otp_base;
    const uint32_t otp_size;
};
 
struct stm32l4_flash_bank {
    bool probed;
    uint32_t idcode;
    unsigned int bank1_sectors;
    bool dual_bank_mode;
    int hole_sectors;
    uint32_t user_bank_size;
    uint32_t data_width;
    uint32_t cr_bker_mask;
    uint32_t sr_bsy_mask;
    uint32_t wrpxxr_mask;
    const struct stm32l4_part_info *part_info;
    uint32_t flash_regs_base;
    const uint32_t *flash_regs;
    bool otp_enabled;
    enum stm32l4_rdp rdp;
    bool tzen;
    uint32_t optr;
};
 
enum stm32_bank_id {
    STM32_BANK1,
    STM32_BANK2,
    STM32_ALL_BANKS
};
 
struct stm32l4_wrp {
    enum stm32l4_flash_reg_index reg_idx;
    uint32_t value;
    bool used;
    int first;
    int last;
    int offset;
};
 
/* human readable list of families this drivers supports (sorted alphabetically) */
static const char *device_families = "STM32C0/G0/G4/L4/L4+/L5/U0/U5/WB/WL";
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32l47_l48xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "1" }, { 0x1001, "2" }, { 0x1003, "3" }, { 0x1007, "4" }
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32l43_l44xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" }, { 0x2001, "Y" },
};
 
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32c01xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32c03xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32c05xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32c071xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1001, "Z" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32c09xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32g05_g06xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32_g07_g08xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A/Z" } /* A and Z, no typo in RM! */, { 0x2000, "B" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32l49_l4axx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x2000, "B" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32l45_l46xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" }, { 0x2001, "Y" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32l41_l42xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" }, { 0x2001, "Y" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32g03_g04xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" }, { 0x2000, "B" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32g0b_g0cxx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32u0xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32g43_g44xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x2000, "B" }, { 0x2001, "Z" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32g47_g48xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x2000, "B" }, { 0x2001, "Z" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32l4r_l4sxx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" }, { 0x1003, "Y" }, { 0x100F, "W" },
    { 0x101F, "V" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32l4p_l4qxx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1001, "Z" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32l55_l56xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x2000, "B" }, { 0x2001, "Z" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32g49_g4axx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32u53_u54xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32u57_u58xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" }, { 0x1003, "Y" }, { 0x2000, "B" },
    { 0x2001, "X" }, { 0x3000, "C" }, { 0x3001, "W" }, { 0x3007, "U" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32u59_u5axx_revs[] = {
    { 0x3001, "X" }, { 0x3002, "W" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32u5f_u5gxx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x1001, "Z" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32wba5x_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32wb1xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" }, { 0x2000, "B" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32wb5xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x2001, "2.1" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32wb3xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "A" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_rev stm32wle_wl5xx_revs[] = {
    { 0x1000, "1.0" },
};
 
static const struct stm32l4_part_info stm32l4_parts[] = {
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32L47_L48XX,
      .revs                  = stm32l47_l48xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32l47_l48xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32L47/L48xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 1024,
      .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32L43_L44XX,
      .revs                  = stm32l43_l44xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32l43_l44xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32L43/L44xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 256,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32C01XX,
      .revs                  = stm32c01xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32c01xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32C01xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 32,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75A0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32C03XX,
      .revs                  = stm32c03xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32c03xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32C03xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 32,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75A0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32C05XX,
      .revs                  = stm32c05xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32c05xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32C05xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 64,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75A0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32C071XX,
      .revs                  = stm32c071xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32c071xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32C071xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 128,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75A0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32C09XX,
      .revs                  = stm32c09xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32c09xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32C09xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 256,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75A0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32U53_U54XX,
      .revs                  = stm32u53_u54xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32u53_u54xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32U535/U545",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 512,
      .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK | F_QUAD_WORD_PROG | F_HAS_TZ | F_HAS_L5_FLASH_REGS,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x0BFA07A0,
      .otp_base              = 0x0BFA0000,
      .otp_size              = 512,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32G05_G06XX,
      .revs                  = stm32g05_g06xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32g05_g06xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32G05/G06xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 64,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32G07_G08XX,
      .revs                  = stm32_g07_g08xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32_g07_g08xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32G07/G08xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 128,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32L49_L4AXX,
      .revs                  = stm32l49_l4axx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32l49_l4axx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32L49/L4Axx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 1024,
      .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32L45_L46XX,
      .revs                  = stm32l45_l46xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32l45_l46xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32L45/L46xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 512,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32L41_L42XX,
      .revs                  = stm32l41_l42xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32l41_l42xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32L41/L42xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 128,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32G03_G04XX,
      .revs                  = stm32g03_g04xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32g03_g04xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32G03x/G04xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 64,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32G0B_G0CXX,
      .revs                  = stm32g0b_g0cxx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32g0b_g0cxx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32G0B/G0Cx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 512,
      .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32G43_G44XX,
      .revs                  = stm32g43_g44xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32g43_g44xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32G43/G44xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 128,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32G47_G48XX,
      .revs                  = stm32g47_g48xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32g47_g48xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32G47/G48xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 512,
      .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK | F_USE_ALL_WRPXX,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32L4R_L4SXX,
      .revs                  = stm32l4r_l4sxx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32l4r_l4sxx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32L4R/L4Sxx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 2048,
      .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK | F_USE_ALL_WRPXX,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32L4P_L4QXX,
      .revs                  = stm32l4p_l4qxx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32l4p_l4qxx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32L4P/L4Qxx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 1024,
      .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK | F_USE_ALL_WRPXX,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32L55_L56XX,
      .revs                  = stm32l55_l56xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32l55_l56xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32L55/L56xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 512,
      .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK | F_USE_ALL_WRPXX | F_HAS_TZ | F_HAS_L5_FLASH_REGS,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x0BFA05E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x0BFA0000,
      .otp_size              = 512,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32G49_G4AXX,
      .revs                  = stm32g49_g4axx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32g49_g4axx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32G49/G4Axx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 512,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32U031XX,
      .revs                  = stm32u0xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32u0xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32U031xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 64,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF3EA0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF6800,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32U073_U083XX,
      .revs                  = stm32u0xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32u0xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32U073/U083xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 256,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF6EA0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF6800,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32U59_U5AXX,
      .revs                  = stm32u59_u5axx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32u59_u5axx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32U59/U5Axx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 4096,
      .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK | F_QUAD_WORD_PROG | F_HAS_TZ | F_HAS_L5_FLASH_REGS,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x0BFA07A0,
      .otp_base              = 0x0BFA0000,
      .otp_size              = 512,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32U57_U58XX,
      .revs                  = stm32u57_u58xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32u57_u58xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32U57/U58xx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 2048,
      .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK | F_QUAD_WORD_PROG | F_HAS_TZ | F_HAS_L5_FLASH_REGS,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x0BFA07A0,
      .otp_base              = 0x0BFA0000,
      .otp_size              = 512,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32U5F_U5GXX,
      .revs                  = stm32u5f_u5gxx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32u5f_u5gxx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32U5F/U5Gxx",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 4096,
      .flags                 = F_HAS_DUAL_BANK | F_QUAD_WORD_PROG | F_HAS_TZ | F_HAS_L5_FLASH_REGS,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x0BFA07A0,
      .otp_base              = 0x0BFA0000,
      .otp_size              = 512,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32WBA5X,
      .revs                  = stm32wba5x_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32wba5x_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32WBA5x",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 1024,
      .flags                 = F_QUAD_WORD_PROG | F_HAS_TZ | F_HAS_L5_FLASH_REGS,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x40022000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x0FF907A0,
      .otp_base              = 0x0FF90000,
      .otp_size              = 512,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32WB1XX,
      .revs                  = stm32wb1xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32wb1xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32WB1x",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 320,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x58004000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32WB5XX,
      .revs                  = stm32wb5xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32wb5xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32WB5x",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 1024,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x58004000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32WB3XX,
      .revs                  = stm32wb3xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32wb3xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32WB3x",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 512,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x58004000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
    {
      .id                    = DEVID_STM32WLE_WL5XX,
      .revs                  = stm32wle_wl5xx_revs,
      .num_revs              = ARRAY_SIZE(stm32wle_wl5xx_revs),
      .device_str            = "STM32WLE/WL5x",
      .max_flash_size_kb     = 256,
      .flags                 = F_NONE,
      .flash_regs_base       = 0x58004000,
      .fsize_addr            = 0x1FFF75E0,
      .otp_base              = 0x1FFF7000,
      .otp_size              = 1024,
    },
};
 
/* flash bank stm32l4x <base> <size> 0 0 <target#> */
FLASH_BANK_COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_flash_bank_command)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info;
 
    if (CMD_ARGC < 6)
        return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
 
    /* fix-up bank base address: 0 is used for normal flash memory */
    if (bank->base == 0)
        bank->base = STM32_FLASH_BANK_BASE;
 
    stm32l4_info = calloc(1, sizeof(struct stm32l4_flash_bank));
    if (!stm32l4_info)
        return ERROR_FAIL; /* Checkme: What better error to use?*/
    bank->driver_priv = stm32l4_info;
 
    stm32l4_info->probed = false;
    stm32l4_info->otp_enabled = false;
    stm32l4_info->user_bank_size = bank->size;
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
/* bitmap helper extension */
struct range {
    unsigned int start;
    unsigned int end;
};
 
static void bitmap_to_ranges(unsigned long *bitmap, unsigned int nbits,
        struct range *ranges, unsigned int *ranges_count)
{
    *ranges_count = 0;
    bool last_bit = 0, cur_bit;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < nbits; i++) {
        cur_bit = test_bit(i, bitmap);
 
        if (cur_bit && !last_bit) {
            (*ranges_count)++;
            ranges[*ranges_count - 1].start = i;
            ranges[*ranges_count - 1].end = i;
        } else if (cur_bit && last_bit) {
            /* update (increment) the end this range */
            ranges[*ranges_count - 1].end = i;
        }
 
        last_bit = cur_bit;
    }
}
 
static inline int range_print_one(struct range *range, char *str)
{
    if (range->start == range->end)
        return sprintf(str, "[%d]", range->start);
 
    return sprintf(str, "[%d,%d]", range->start, range->end);
}
 
static char *range_print_alloc(struct range *ranges, unsigned int ranges_count)
{
    /* each range will be printed like the following: [start,end]
     * start and end, both are unsigned int, an unsigned int takes 10 characters max
     * plus 3 characters for '[', ',' and ']'
     * thus means each range can take maximum 23 character
     * after each range we add a ' ' as separator and finally we need the '\0'
     * if the ranges_count is zero we reserve one char for '\0' to return an empty string */
    char *str = calloc(1, ranges_count * (24 * sizeof(char)) + 1);
    char *ptr = str;
 
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ranges_count; i++) {
        ptr += range_print_one(&(ranges[i]), ptr);
 
        if (i < ranges_count - 1)
            *(ptr++) = ' ';
    }
 
    return str;
}
 
/* end of bitmap helper extension */
 
static inline bool stm32l4_is_otp(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    return bank->base == stm32l4_info->part_info->otp_base;
}
 
static int stm32l4_otp_enable(struct flash_bank *bank, bool enable)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
 
    if (!stm32l4_is_otp(bank))
        return ERROR_FAIL;
 
    char *op_str = enable ? "enabled" : "disabled";
 
    LOG_INFO("OTP memory (bank #%d) is %s%s for write commands",
            bank->bank_number,
            stm32l4_info->otp_enabled == enable ? "already " : "",
            op_str);
 
    stm32l4_info->otp_enabled = enable;
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
static inline bool stm32l4_otp_is_enabled(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    return stm32l4_info->otp_enabled;
}
 
static void stm32l4_sync_rdp_tzen(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
 
    bool tzen = false;
 
    if (stm32l4_info->part_info->flags & F_HAS_TZ)
        tzen = (stm32l4_info->optr & FLASH_TZEN) != 0;
 
    uint32_t rdp = stm32l4_info->optr & FLASH_RDP_MASK;
 
    /* for devices without TrustZone:
     *   RDP level 0 and 2 values are to 0xAA and 0xCC
     *   Any other value corresponds to RDP level 1
     * for devices with TrusZone:
     *   RDP level 0 and 2 values are 0xAA and 0xCC
     *   RDP level 0.5 value is 0x55 only if TZEN = 1
     *   Any other value corresponds to RDP level 1, including 0x55 if TZEN = 0
     */
 
    if (rdp != RDP_LEVEL_0 && rdp != RDP_LEVEL_2) {
        if (!tzen || (tzen && rdp != RDP_LEVEL_0_5))
            rdp = RDP_LEVEL_1;
    }
 
    stm32l4_info->tzen = tzen;
    stm32l4_info->rdp = rdp;
}
 
static inline uint32_t stm32l4_get_flash_reg(struct flash_bank *bank, uint32_t reg_offset)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    return stm32l4_info->flash_regs_base + reg_offset;
}
 
static inline uint32_t stm32l4_get_flash_reg_by_index(struct flash_bank *bank,
    enum stm32l4_flash_reg_index reg_index)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    return stm32l4_get_flash_reg(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[reg_index]);
}
 
static inline int stm32l4_read_flash_reg(struct flash_bank *bank, uint32_t reg_offset, uint32_t *value)
{
    return target_read_u32(bank->target, stm32l4_get_flash_reg(bank, reg_offset), value);
}
 
static inline int stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(struct flash_bank *bank,
    enum stm32l4_flash_reg_index reg_index, uint32_t *value)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    return stm32l4_read_flash_reg(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[reg_index], value);
}
 
static inline int stm32l4_write_flash_reg(struct flash_bank *bank, uint32_t reg_offset, uint32_t value)
{
    return target_write_u32(bank->target, stm32l4_get_flash_reg(bank, reg_offset), value);
}
 
static inline int stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(struct flash_bank *bank,
    enum stm32l4_flash_reg_index reg_index, uint32_t value)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    return stm32l4_write_flash_reg(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[reg_index], value);
}
 
static int stm32l4_wait_status_busy(struct flash_bank *bank, int timeout)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    uint32_t status;
    int retval = ERROR_OK;
 
    /* wait for busy to clear */
    for (;;) {
        retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX, &status);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
            return retval;
        LOG_DEBUG("status: 0x%" PRIx32 "", status);
        if ((status & stm32l4_info->sr_bsy_mask) == 0)
            break;
        if (timeout-- <= 0) {
            LOG_ERROR("timed out waiting for flash");
            return ERROR_FAIL;
        }
        alive_sleep(1);
    }
 
    if (status & FLASH_WRPERR) {
        LOG_ERROR("stm32x device protected");
        retval = ERROR_FAIL;
    }
 
    /* Clear but report errors */
    if (status & FLASH_ERROR) {
        if (retval == ERROR_OK)
            retval = ERROR_FAIL;
        /* If this operation fails, we ignore it and report the original
         * retval
         */
        stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX, status & FLASH_ERROR);
    }
 
    return retval;
}
 
static int stm32l4_set_secbb(struct flash_bank *bank, uint32_t value)
{
    /* This function should be used only with device with TrustZone, do just a security check */
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    assert(stm32l4_info->part_info->flags & F_HAS_TZ);
 
    /* based on RM0438 Rev6 for STM32L5x devices:
     * to modify a page block-based security attribution, it is recommended to
     *  1- check that no flash operation is ongoing on the related page
     *  2- add ISB instruction after modifying the page security attribute in SECBBxRy
     *     this step is not need in case of JTAG direct access
     */
    int retval = stm32l4_wait_status_busy(bank, FLASH_ERASE_TIMEOUT);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    /* write SECBBxRy registers */
    LOG_DEBUG("setting secure block-based areas registers (SECBBxRy) to 0x%08x", value);
 
    const uint8_t secbb_regs[] = {
            FLASH_SECBB1(1), FLASH_SECBB1(2), FLASH_SECBB1(3), FLASH_SECBB1(4), /* bank 1 SECBB register offsets */
            FLASH_SECBB2(1), FLASH_SECBB2(2), FLASH_SECBB2(3), FLASH_SECBB2(4)  /* bank 2 SECBB register offsets */
    };
 
 
    unsigned int num_secbb_regs = ARRAY_SIZE(secbb_regs);
 
    /* in single bank mode, it's useless to modify FLASH_SECBB2Rx registers
     * then consider only the first half of secbb_regs
     */
    if (!stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode)
        num_secbb_regs /= 2;
 
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_secbb_regs; i++) {
        retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg(bank, secbb_regs[i], value);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
            return retval;
    }
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
static inline int stm32l4_get_flash_cr_with_lock_index(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    return (stm32l4_info->flash_regs[STM32_FLASH_CR_WLK_INDEX]) ?
        STM32_FLASH_CR_WLK_INDEX : STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX;
}
 
static int stm32l4_unlock_reg(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
    const uint32_t flash_cr_index = stm32l4_get_flash_cr_with_lock_index(bank);
    uint32_t ctrl;
 
    /* first check if not already unlocked
     * otherwise writing on STM32_FLASH_KEYR will fail
     */
    int retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, flash_cr_index, &ctrl);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    if ((ctrl & FLASH_LOCK) == 0)
        return ERROR_OK;
 
    /* unlock flash registers */
    retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_KEYR_INDEX, KEY1);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_KEYR_INDEX, KEY2);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, flash_cr_index, &ctrl);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    if (ctrl & FLASH_LOCK) {
        LOG_ERROR("flash not unlocked STM32_FLASH_CR: %" PRIx32, ctrl);
        return ERROR_TARGET_FAILURE;
    }
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
static int stm32l4_unlock_option_reg(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
    const uint32_t flash_cr_index = stm32l4_get_flash_cr_with_lock_index(bank);
    uint32_t ctrl;
 
    int retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, flash_cr_index, &ctrl);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    if ((ctrl & FLASH_OPTLOCK) == 0)
        return ERROR_OK;
 
    /* unlock option registers */
    retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_OPTKEYR_INDEX, OPTKEY1);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_OPTKEYR_INDEX, OPTKEY2);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, flash_cr_index, &ctrl);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    if (ctrl & FLASH_OPTLOCK) {
        LOG_ERROR("options not unlocked STM32_FLASH_CR: %" PRIx32, ctrl);
        return ERROR_TARGET_FAILURE;
    }
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
static int stm32l4_perform_obl_launch(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
    int retval, retval2;
 
    retval = stm32l4_unlock_reg(bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        goto err_lock;
 
    retval = stm32l4_unlock_option_reg(bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        goto err_lock;
 
    /* Set OBL_LAUNCH bit in CR -> system reset and option bytes reload,
     * but the RMs explicitly do *NOT* list this as power-on reset cause, and:
     * "Note: If the read protection is set while the debugger is still
     * connected through JTAG/SWD, apply a POR (power-on reset) instead of a system reset."
     */
 
    /* "Setting OBL_LAUNCH generates a reset so the option byte loading is performed under system reset" */
    /* Due to this reset ST-Link reports an SWD_DP_ERROR, despite the write was successful,
     * then just ignore the returned value */
    stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, FLASH_OBL_LAUNCH);
 
    /* Need to re-probe after change */
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    stm32l4_info->probed = false;
 
err_lock:
    retval2 = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, stm32l4_get_flash_cr_with_lock_index(bank),
            FLASH_LOCK | FLASH_OPTLOCK);
 
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    return retval2;
}
 
static int stm32l4_write_option(struct flash_bank *bank, uint32_t reg_offset,
    uint32_t value, uint32_t mask)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    uint32_t optiondata;
    int retval, retval2;
 
    retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg(bank, reg_offset, &optiondata);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    /* for STM32L5 and similar devices, use always non-secure
     * registers for option bytes programming */
    const uint32_t *saved_flash_regs = stm32l4_info->flash_regs;
    if (stm32l4_info->part_info->flags & F_HAS_L5_FLASH_REGS)
        stm32l4_info->flash_regs = stm32l5_ns_flash_regs;
 
    retval = stm32l4_unlock_reg(bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        goto err_lock;
 
    retval = stm32l4_unlock_option_reg(bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        goto err_lock;
 
    optiondata = (optiondata & ~mask) | (value & mask);
 
    retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg(bank, reg_offset, optiondata);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        goto err_lock;
 
    retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, FLASH_OPTSTRT);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        goto err_lock;
 
    retval = stm32l4_wait_status_busy(bank, FLASH_ERASE_TIMEOUT);
 
err_lock:
    retval2 = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, stm32l4_get_flash_cr_with_lock_index(bank),
            FLASH_LOCK | FLASH_OPTLOCK);
    stm32l4_info->flash_regs = saved_flash_regs;
 
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    return retval2;
}
 
static int stm32l4_get_one_wrpxy(struct flash_bank *bank, struct stm32l4_wrp *wrpxy,
        enum stm32l4_flash_reg_index reg_idx, int offset)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    int ret;
 
    wrpxy->reg_idx = reg_idx;
    wrpxy->offset = offset;
 
    ret = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, wrpxy->reg_idx , &wrpxy->value);
    if (ret != ERROR_OK)
        return ret;
 
    wrpxy->first = (wrpxy->value & stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask) + wrpxy->offset;
    wrpxy->last = ((wrpxy->value >> 16) & stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask) + wrpxy->offset;
    wrpxy->used = wrpxy->first <= wrpxy->last;
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
static int stm32l4_get_all_wrpxy(struct flash_bank *bank, enum stm32_bank_id dev_bank_id,
        struct stm32l4_wrp *wrpxy, unsigned int *n_wrp)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    int ret;
 
    *n_wrp = 0;
 
    /* for single bank devices there is 2 WRP regions.
     * for dual bank devices there is 2 WRP regions per bank,
     *   if configured as single bank only 2 WRP are usable
     *   except for STM32L4R/S/P/Q, G4 cat3, L5 ... all 4 WRP are usable
     * note: this should be revised, if a device will have the SWAP banks option
     */
 
    int wrp2y_sectors_offset = -1; /* -1 : unused */
 
    /* if bank_id is BANK1 or ALL_BANKS */
    if (dev_bank_id != STM32_BANK2) {
        /* get FLASH_WRP1AR */
        ret = stm32l4_get_one_wrpxy(bank, &wrpxy[(*n_wrp)++], STM32_FLASH_WRP1AR_INDEX, 0);
        if (ret != ERROR_OK)
            return ret;
 
        /* get WRP1BR */
        ret = stm32l4_get_one_wrpxy(bank, &wrpxy[(*n_wrp)++], STM32_FLASH_WRP1BR_INDEX, 0);
        if (ret != ERROR_OK)
            return ret;
 
        /* for some devices (like STM32L4R/S) in single-bank mode, the 4 WRPxx are usable */
        if ((stm32l4_info->part_info->flags & F_USE_ALL_WRPXX) && !stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode)
            wrp2y_sectors_offset = 0;
    }
 
    /* if bank_id is BANK2 or ALL_BANKS */
    if (dev_bank_id != STM32_BANK1 && stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode)
        wrp2y_sectors_offset = stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors;
 
    if (wrp2y_sectors_offset >= 0) {
        /* get WRP2AR */
        ret = stm32l4_get_one_wrpxy(bank, &wrpxy[(*n_wrp)++], STM32_FLASH_WRP2AR_INDEX, wrp2y_sectors_offset);
        if (ret != ERROR_OK)
            return ret;
 
        /* get WRP2BR */
        ret = stm32l4_get_one_wrpxy(bank, &wrpxy[(*n_wrp)++], STM32_FLASH_WRP2BR_INDEX, wrp2y_sectors_offset);
        if (ret != ERROR_OK)
            return ret;
    }
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
static int stm32l4_write_one_wrpxy(struct flash_bank *bank, struct stm32l4_wrp *wrpxy)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
 
    int wrp_start = wrpxy->first - wrpxy->offset;
    int wrp_end = wrpxy->last - wrpxy->offset;
 
    uint32_t wrp_value = (wrp_start & stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask) | ((wrp_end & stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask) << 16);
 
    return stm32l4_write_option(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[wrpxy->reg_idx], wrp_value, 0xffffffff);
}
 
static int stm32l4_write_all_wrpxy(struct flash_bank *bank, struct stm32l4_wrp *wrpxy, unsigned int n_wrp)
{
    int ret;
 
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_wrp; i++) {
        ret = stm32l4_write_one_wrpxy(bank, &wrpxy[i]);
        if (ret != ERROR_OK)
            return ret;
    }
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
static int stm32l4_protect_check(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
    unsigned int n_wrp;
    struct stm32l4_wrp wrpxy[4];
 
    int ret = stm32l4_get_all_wrpxy(bank, STM32_ALL_BANKS, wrpxy, &n_wrp);
    if (ret != ERROR_OK)
        return ret;
 
    /* initialize all sectors as unprotected */
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < bank->num_sectors; i++)
        bank->sectors[i].is_protected = 0;
 
    /* now check WRPxy and mark the protected sectors */
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < n_wrp; i++) {
        if (wrpxy[i].used) {
            for (int s = wrpxy[i].first; s <= wrpxy[i].last; s++)
                bank->sectors[s].is_protected = 1;
        }
    }
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
static int stm32l4_erase(struct flash_bank *bank, unsigned int first,
        unsigned int last)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    int retval, retval2;
 
    assert((first <= last) && (last < bank->num_sectors));
 
    if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
        LOG_ERROR("cannot erase OTP memory");
        return ERROR_FLASH_OPER_UNSUPPORTED;
    }
 
    if (bank->target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
        LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
        return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
    }
 
    if (stm32l4_info->tzen && (stm32l4_info->rdp == RDP_LEVEL_0)) {
        /* set all FLASH pages as secure */
        retval = stm32l4_set_secbb(bank, FLASH_SECBB_SECURE);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK) {
            /* restore all FLASH pages as non-secure */
            stm32l4_set_secbb(bank, FLASH_SECBB_NON_SECURE); /* ignore the return value */
            return retval;
        }
    }
 
    retval = stm32l4_unlock_reg(bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        goto err_lock;
 
    /*
    Sector Erase
    To erase a sector, follow the procedure below:
    1. Check that no Flash memory operation is ongoing by
       checking the BSY bit in the FLASH_SR register
    2. Set the PER bit and select the page and bank
       you wish to erase in the FLASH_CR register
    3. Set the STRT bit in the FLASH_CR register
    4. Wait for the BSY bit to be cleared
     */
 
    for (unsigned int i = first; i <= last; i++) {
        uint32_t erase_flags;
        erase_flags = FLASH_PER | FLASH_STRT;
 
        if (i >= stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors) {
            uint8_t snb;
            snb = i - stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors;
            erase_flags |= snb << FLASH_PAGE_SHIFT | stm32l4_info->cr_bker_mask;
        } else
            erase_flags |= i << FLASH_PAGE_SHIFT;
        retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, erase_flags);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
            break;
 
        retval = stm32l4_wait_status_busy(bank, FLASH_ERASE_TIMEOUT);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
            break;
    }
 
err_lock:
    retval2 = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, stm32l4_get_flash_cr_with_lock_index(bank), FLASH_LOCK);
 
    if (stm32l4_info->tzen && (stm32l4_info->rdp == RDP_LEVEL_0)) {
        /* restore all FLASH pages as non-secure */
        int retval3 = stm32l4_set_secbb(bank, FLASH_SECBB_NON_SECURE);
        if (retval3 != ERROR_OK)
            return retval3;
    }
 
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    return retval2;
}
 
static int stm32l4_protect_same_bank(struct flash_bank *bank, enum stm32_bank_id bank_id, int set,
        unsigned int first, unsigned int last)
{
    unsigned int i;
 
    /* check if the desired protection is already configured */
    for (i = first; i <= last; i++) {
        if (bank->sectors[i].is_protected != set)
            break;
        else if (i == last) {
            LOG_INFO("The specified sectors are already %s", set ? "protected" : "unprotected");
            return ERROR_OK;
        }
    }
 
    /* all sectors from first to last (or part of them) could have different
     * protection other than the requested */
    unsigned int n_wrp;
    struct stm32l4_wrp wrpxy[4];
 
    int ret = stm32l4_get_all_wrpxy(bank, bank_id, wrpxy, &n_wrp);
    if (ret != ERROR_OK)
        return ret;
 
    /* use bitmap and range helpers to optimize the WRP usage */
    DECLARE_BITMAP(pages, bank->num_sectors);
    bitmap_zero(pages, bank->num_sectors);
 
    for (i = 0; i < n_wrp; i++) {
        if (wrpxy[i].used) {
            for (int p = wrpxy[i].first; p <= wrpxy[i].last; p++)
                set_bit(p, pages);
        }
    }
 
    /* we have at most 'n_wrp' WRP areas
     * add one range if the user is trying to protect a fifth range */
    struct range ranges[n_wrp + 1];
    unsigned int ranges_count = 0;
 
    bitmap_to_ranges(pages, bank->num_sectors, ranges, &ranges_count);
 
    /* pretty-print the currently protected ranges */
    if (ranges_count > 0) {
        char *ranges_str = range_print_alloc(ranges, ranges_count);
        LOG_DEBUG("current protected areas: %s", ranges_str);
        free(ranges_str);
    } else
        LOG_DEBUG("current protected areas: none");
 
    if (set) { /* flash protect */
        for (i = first; i <= last; i++)
            set_bit(i, pages);
    } else { /* flash unprotect */
        for (i = first; i <= last; i++)
            clear_bit(i, pages);
    }
 
    /* check the ranges_count after the user request */
    bitmap_to_ranges(pages, bank->num_sectors, ranges, &ranges_count);
 
    /* pretty-print the requested areas for protection */
    if (ranges_count > 0) {
        char *ranges_str = range_print_alloc(ranges, ranges_count);
        LOG_DEBUG("requested areas for protection: %s", ranges_str);
        free(ranges_str);
    } else
        LOG_DEBUG("requested areas for protection: none");
 
    if (ranges_count > n_wrp) {
        LOG_ERROR("cannot set the requested protection "
                "(only %u write protection areas are available)" , n_wrp);
        return ERROR_FAIL;
    }
 
    /* re-init all WRPxy as disabled (first > last)*/
    for (i = 0; i < n_wrp; i++) {
        wrpxy[i].first = wrpxy[i].offset + 1;
        wrpxy[i].last = wrpxy[i].offset;
    }
 
    /* then configure WRPxy areas */
    for (i = 0; i < ranges_count; i++) {
        wrpxy[i].first = ranges[i].start;
        wrpxy[i].last = ranges[i].end;
    }
 
    /* finally write WRPxy registers */
    return stm32l4_write_all_wrpxy(bank, wrpxy, n_wrp);
}
 
static int stm32l4_protect(struct flash_bank *bank, int set, unsigned int first, unsigned int last)
{
    struct target *target = bank->target;
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
 
    if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
        LOG_ERROR("cannot protect/unprotect OTP memory");
        return ERROR_FLASH_OPER_UNSUPPORTED;
    }
 
    if (target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
        LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
        return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
    }
 
    /* refresh the sectors' protection */
    int ret = stm32l4_protect_check(bank);
    if (ret != ERROR_OK)
        return ret;
 
    /* the requested sectors could be located into bank1 and/or bank2 */
    if (last < stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors) {
        return stm32l4_protect_same_bank(bank, STM32_BANK1, set, first, last);
    } else if (first >= stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors) {
        return stm32l4_protect_same_bank(bank, STM32_BANK2, set, first, last);
    } else {
        ret = stm32l4_protect_same_bank(bank, STM32_BANK1, set, first, stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors - 1);
        if (ret != ERROR_OK)
            return ret;
 
        return stm32l4_protect_same_bank(bank, STM32_BANK2, set, stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors, last);
    }
}
 
/* count is the size divided by stm32l4_info->data_width */
static int stm32l4_write_block(struct flash_bank *bank, const uint8_t *buffer,
    uint32_t offset, uint32_t count)
{
    struct target *target = bank->target;
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    struct working_area *write_algorithm;
    struct working_area *source;
    uint32_t address = bank->base + offset;
    struct reg_param reg_params[5];
    struct armv7m_algorithm armv7m_info;
    int retval = ERROR_OK;
 
    static const uint8_t stm32l4_flash_write_code[] = {
#include "../../../contrib/loaders/flash/stm32/stm32l4x.inc"
    };
 
    if (target_alloc_working_area(target, sizeof(stm32l4_flash_write_code),
            &write_algorithm) != ERROR_OK) {
        LOG_WARNING("no working area available, can't do block memory writes");
        return ERROR_TARGET_RESOURCE_NOT_AVAILABLE;
    }
 
    retval = target_write_buffer(target, write_algorithm->address,
            sizeof(stm32l4_flash_write_code),
            stm32l4_flash_write_code);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK) {
        target_free_working_area(target, write_algorithm);
        return retval;
    }
 
    /* data_width should be multiple of double-word */
    assert(stm32l4_info->data_width % 8 == 0);
    const size_t extra_size = sizeof(struct stm32l4_work_area);
    uint32_t buffer_size = target_get_working_area_avail(target) - extra_size;
    /* buffer_size should be multiple of stm32l4_info->data_width */
    buffer_size &= ~(stm32l4_info->data_width - 1);
 
    if (buffer_size < 256) {
        LOG_WARNING("large enough working area not available, can't do block memory writes");
        target_free_working_area(target, write_algorithm);
        return ERROR_TARGET_RESOURCE_NOT_AVAILABLE;
    } else if (buffer_size > 16384) {
        /* probably won't benefit from more than 16k ... */
        buffer_size = 16384;
    }
 
    if (target_alloc_working_area_try(target, buffer_size + extra_size, &source) != ERROR_OK) {
        LOG_ERROR("allocating working area failed");
        return ERROR_TARGET_RESOURCE_NOT_AVAILABLE;
    }
 
    armv7m_info.common_magic = ARMV7M_COMMON_MAGIC;
    armv7m_info.core_mode = ARM_MODE_THREAD;
 
    /* contrib/loaders/flash/stm32/stm32l4x.c:write() arguments */
    init_reg_param(&reg_params[0], "r0", 32, PARAM_IN_OUT); /* stm32l4_work_area ptr , status (out) */
    init_reg_param(&reg_params[1], "r1", 32, PARAM_OUT);    /* buffer end */
    init_reg_param(&reg_params[2], "r2", 32, PARAM_OUT);    /* target address */
    init_reg_param(&reg_params[3], "r3", 32, PARAM_OUT);    /* count (of stm32l4_info->data_width) */
 
    buf_set_u32(reg_params[0].value, 0, 32, source->address);
    buf_set_u32(reg_params[1].value, 0, 32, source->address + source->size);
    buf_set_u32(reg_params[2].value, 0, 32, address);
    buf_set_u32(reg_params[3].value, 0, 32, count);
 
    /* write algo stack pointer */
    init_reg_param(&reg_params[4], "sp", 32, PARAM_OUT);
    buf_set_u32(reg_params[4].value, 0, 32, source->address +
            offsetof(struct stm32l4_work_area, stack) + LDR_STACK_SIZE);
 
    struct stm32l4_loader_params loader_extra_params;
 
    target_buffer_set_u32(target, (uint8_t *) &loader_extra_params.flash_sr_addr,
            stm32l4_get_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX));
    target_buffer_set_u32(target, (uint8_t *) &loader_extra_params.flash_cr_addr,
            stm32l4_get_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX));
    target_buffer_set_u32(target, (uint8_t *) &loader_extra_params.flash_word_size,
            stm32l4_info->data_width);
    target_buffer_set_u32(target, (uint8_t *) &loader_extra_params.flash_sr_bsy_mask,
            stm32l4_info->sr_bsy_mask);
 
    retval = target_write_buffer(target, source->address, sizeof(loader_extra_params),
            (uint8_t *) &loader_extra_params);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    retval = target_run_flash_async_algorithm(target, buffer, count, stm32l4_info->data_width,
            0, NULL,
            ARRAY_SIZE(reg_params), reg_params,
            source->address + offsetof(struct stm32l4_work_area, fifo),
            source->size - offsetof(struct stm32l4_work_area, fifo),
            write_algorithm->address, 0,
            &armv7m_info);
 
    if (retval == ERROR_FLASH_OPERATION_FAILED) {
        LOG_ERROR("error executing stm32l4 flash write algorithm");
 
        uint32_t error;
        stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX, &error);
        error &= FLASH_ERROR;
 
        if (error & FLASH_WRPERR)
            LOG_ERROR("flash memory write protected");
 
        if (error != 0) {
            LOG_ERROR("flash write failed = %08" PRIx32, error);
            /* Clear but report errors */
            stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_SR_INDEX, error);
            retval = ERROR_FAIL;
        }
    }
 
    target_free_working_area(target, source);
    target_free_working_area(target, write_algorithm);
 
    destroy_reg_param(&reg_params[0]);
    destroy_reg_param(&reg_params[1]);
    destroy_reg_param(&reg_params[2]);
    destroy_reg_param(&reg_params[3]);
    destroy_reg_param(&reg_params[4]);
 
    return retval;
}
 
/* count is the size divided by stm32l4_info->data_width */
static int stm32l4_write_block_without_loader(struct flash_bank *bank, const uint8_t *buffer,
                uint32_t offset, uint32_t count)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    struct target *target = bank->target;
    uint32_t address = bank->base + offset;
    int retval = ERROR_OK;
 
    /* wait for BSY bit */
    retval = stm32l4_wait_status_busy(bank, FLASH_WRITE_TIMEOUT);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    /* set PG in FLASH_CR */
    retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, FLASH_PG);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
 
    /* write directly to flash memory */
    const uint8_t *src = buffer;
    const uint32_t data_width_in_words = stm32l4_info->data_width / 4;
    while (count--) {
        retval = target_write_memory(target, address, 4, data_width_in_words, src);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
            return retval;
 
        /* wait for BSY bit */
        retval = stm32l4_wait_status_busy(bank, FLASH_WRITE_TIMEOUT);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
            return retval;
 
        src += stm32l4_info->data_width;
        address += stm32l4_info->data_width;
    }
 
    /* reset PG in FLASH_CR */
    retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, 0);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    return retval;
}
 
static int stm32l4_write(struct flash_bank *bank, const uint8_t *buffer,
    uint32_t offset, uint32_t count)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    int retval = ERROR_OK, retval2;
 
    if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank) && !stm32l4_otp_is_enabled(bank)) {
        LOG_ERROR("OTP memory is disabled for write commands");
        return ERROR_FAIL;
    }
 
    if (bank->target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
        LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
        return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
    }
 
    /* ensure that stm32l4_info->data_width is 'at least' a multiple of dword */
    assert(stm32l4_info->data_width % 8 == 0);
 
    /* The flash write must be aligned to the 'stm32l4_info->data_width' boundary.
     * The flash infrastructure ensures it, do just a security check */
    assert(offset % stm32l4_info->data_width == 0);
    assert(count % stm32l4_info->data_width == 0);
 
    /* STM32G4xxx Cat. 3 devices may have gaps between banks, check whether
     * data to be written does not go into a gap:
     * suppose buffer is fully contained in bank from sector 0 to sector
     * num->sectors - 1 and sectors are ordered according to offset
     */
    struct flash_sector *head = &bank->sectors[0];
    struct flash_sector *tail = &bank->sectors[bank->num_sectors - 1];
 
    while ((head < tail) && (offset >= (head + 1)->offset)) {
        /* buffer does not intersect head nor gap behind head */
        head++;
    }
 
    while ((head < tail) && (offset + count <= (tail - 1)->offset + (tail - 1)->size)) {
        /* buffer does not intersect tail nor gap before tail */
        --tail;
    }
 
    LOG_DEBUG("data: 0x%08" PRIx32 " - 0x%08" PRIx32 ", sectors: 0x%08" PRIx32 " - 0x%08" PRIx32,
        offset, offset + count - 1, head->offset, tail->offset + tail->size - 1);
 
    /* Now check that there is no gap from head to tail, this should work
     * even for multiple or non-symmetric gaps
     */
    while (head < tail) {
        if (head->offset + head->size != (head + 1)->offset) {
            LOG_ERROR("write into gap from " TARGET_ADDR_FMT " to " TARGET_ADDR_FMT,
                bank->base + head->offset + head->size,
                bank->base + (head + 1)->offset - 1);
            retval = ERROR_FLASH_DST_OUT_OF_BANK;
        }
        head++;
    }
 
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    if (stm32l4_info->tzen && (stm32l4_info->rdp == RDP_LEVEL_0)) {
        /* set all FLASH pages as secure */
        retval = stm32l4_set_secbb(bank, FLASH_SECBB_SECURE);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK) {
            /* restore all FLASH pages as non-secure */
            stm32l4_set_secbb(bank, FLASH_SECBB_NON_SECURE); /* ignore the return value */
            return retval;
        }
    }
 
    retval = stm32l4_unlock_reg(bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        goto err_lock;
 
 
    /* For TrustZone enabled devices, when TZEN is set and RDP level is 0.5,
     * the debug is possible only in non-secure state.
     * Thus means the flashloader will run in non-secure mode,
     * and the workarea need to be in non-secure RAM */
    if (stm32l4_info->tzen && (stm32l4_info->rdp == RDP_LEVEL_0_5))
        LOG_WARNING("RDP = 0x55, the work-area should be in non-secure RAM (check SAU partitioning)");
 
    /* first try to write using the loader, for better performance */
    retval = stm32l4_write_block(bank, buffer, offset,
            count / stm32l4_info->data_width);
 
    /* if resources are not available write without a loader */
    if (retval == ERROR_TARGET_RESOURCE_NOT_AVAILABLE) {
        LOG_WARNING("falling back to programming without a flash loader (slower)");
        retval = stm32l4_write_block_without_loader(bank, buffer, offset,
                count / stm32l4_info->data_width);
    }
 
err_lock:
    retval2 = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, stm32l4_get_flash_cr_with_lock_index(bank), FLASH_LOCK);
 
    if (stm32l4_info->tzen && (stm32l4_info->rdp == RDP_LEVEL_0)) {
        /* restore all FLASH pages as non-secure */
        int retval3 = stm32l4_set_secbb(bank, FLASH_SECBB_NON_SECURE);
        if (retval3 != ERROR_OK)
            return retval3;
    }
 
    if (retval != ERROR_OK) {
        LOG_ERROR("block write failed");
        return retval;
    }
    return retval2;
}
 
static int stm32l4_read_idcode(struct flash_bank *bank, uint32_t *id)
{
    int retval = ERROR_OK;
    struct target *target = bank->target;
 
    /* try reading possible IDCODE registers, in the following order */
    uint32_t dbgmcu_idcode[] = {DBGMCU_IDCODE_L4_G4, DBGMCU_IDCODE_G0, DBGMCU_IDCODE_L5};
 
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(dbgmcu_idcode); i++) {
        retval = target_read_u32(target, dbgmcu_idcode[i], id);
        if ((retval == ERROR_OK) && ((*id & 0xfff) != 0) && ((*id & 0xfff) != 0xfff))
            return ERROR_OK;
    }
 
    /* Workaround for STM32WL5x devices:
     * DBGMCU_IDCODE cannot be read using CPU1 (Cortex-M0+) at AP1,
     * to solve this read the UID64 (IEEE 64-bit unique device ID register) */
 
    struct armv7m_common *armv7m = target_to_armv7m_safe(target);
    if (!armv7m) {
        LOG_ERROR("Flash requires Cortex-M target");
        return ERROR_TARGET_INVALID;
    }
 
    /* CPU2 (Cortex-M0+) is supported only with non-hla adapters because it is on AP1.
     * Using HLA adapters armv7m.debug_ap is null, and checking ap_num triggers a segfault */
    if (cortex_m_get_impl_part(target) == CORTEX_M0P_PARTNO &&
            armv7m->debug_ap && armv7m->debug_ap->ap_num == 1) {
        uint32_t uid64_ids;
 
        /* UID64 is contains
         *  - Bits 63:32 : DEVNUM (unique device number, different for each individual device)
         *  - Bits 31:08 : STID (company ID) = 0x0080E1
         *  - Bits 07:00 : DEVID (device ID) = 0x15
         *
         *  read only the fixed values {STID,DEVID} from UID64_IDS to identify the device as STM32WLx
         */
        retval = target_read_u32(target, UID64_IDS, &uid64_ids);
        if (retval == ERROR_OK && uid64_ids == UID64_IDS_STM32WL) {
            /* force the DEV_ID to DEVID_STM32WLE_WL5XX and the REV_ID to unknown */
            *id = DEVID_STM32WLE_WL5XX;
            return ERROR_OK;
        }
    }
 
    LOG_ERROR("can't get the device id");
    return (retval == ERROR_OK) ? ERROR_FAIL : retval;
}
 
static const char *get_stm32l4_rev_str(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    const struct stm32l4_part_info *part_info = stm32l4_info->part_info;
    assert(part_info);
 
    const uint16_t rev_id = stm32l4_info->idcode >> 16;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < part_info->num_revs; i++) {
        if (rev_id == part_info->revs[i].rev)
            return part_info->revs[i].str;
    }
    return "'unknown'";
}
 
static const char *get_stm32l4_bank_type_str(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    assert(stm32l4_info->part_info);
    return stm32l4_is_otp(bank) ? "OTP" :
            stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode ? "Flash dual" :
            "Flash single";
}
 
static int stm32l4_probe(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
    struct target *target = bank->target;
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    const struct stm32l4_part_info *part_info;
    uint16_t flash_size_kb = 0xffff;
 
    if (!target_was_examined(target)) {
        LOG_ERROR("Target not examined yet");
        return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_EXAMINED;
    }
 
    struct armv7m_common *armv7m = target_to_armv7m_safe(target);
    if (!armv7m) {
        LOG_ERROR("Flash requires Cortex-M target");
        return ERROR_TARGET_INVALID;
    }
 
    stm32l4_info->probed = false;
 
    /* read stm32 device id registers */
    int retval = stm32l4_read_idcode(bank, &stm32l4_info->idcode);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    const uint32_t device_id = stm32l4_info->idcode & 0xFFF;
 
    for (unsigned int n = 0; n < ARRAY_SIZE(stm32l4_parts); n++) {
        if (device_id == stm32l4_parts[n].id) {
            stm32l4_info->part_info = &stm32l4_parts[n];
            break;
        }
    }
 
    if (!stm32l4_info->part_info) {
        LOG_WARNING("Cannot identify target as an %s family device.", device_families);
        return ERROR_FAIL;
    }
 
    part_info = stm32l4_info->part_info;
    const char *rev_str = get_stm32l4_rev_str(bank);
    const uint16_t rev_id = stm32l4_info->idcode >> 16;
 
    LOG_INFO("device idcode = 0x%08" PRIx32 " (%s - Rev %s : 0x%04x)",
            stm32l4_info->idcode, part_info->device_str, rev_str, rev_id);
 
    stm32l4_info->flash_regs_base = stm32l4_info->part_info->flash_regs_base;
    stm32l4_info->data_width = (part_info->flags & F_QUAD_WORD_PROG) ? 16 : 8;
    stm32l4_info->cr_bker_mask = FLASH_BKER;
    stm32l4_info->sr_bsy_mask = FLASH_BSY;
 
    /* Set flash write alignment boundaries.
     * Ask the flash infrastructure to ensure required alignment */
    bank->write_start_alignment = stm32l4_info->data_width;
    bank->write_end_alignment = stm32l4_info->data_width;
 
    /* Initialize the flash registers layout */
    if (part_info->flags & F_HAS_L5_FLASH_REGS)
        stm32l4_info->flash_regs = stm32l5_ns_flash_regs;
    else
        stm32l4_info->flash_regs = stm32l4_flash_regs;
 
    /* read flash option register */
    retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX, &stm32l4_info->optr);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    stm32l4_sync_rdp_tzen(bank);
 
    /* for devices with TrustZone, use flash secure registers when TZEN=1 and RDP is LEVEL_0 */
    if (stm32l4_info->tzen && (stm32l4_info->rdp == RDP_LEVEL_0)) {
        if (part_info->flags & F_HAS_L5_FLASH_REGS) {
            stm32l4_info->flash_regs_base |= STM32L5_REGS_SEC_OFFSET;
            stm32l4_info->flash_regs = stm32l5_s_flash_regs;
        } else {
            LOG_ERROR("BUG: device supported incomplete");
            return ERROR_NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
        }
    }
 
    if (part_info->flags & F_HAS_TZ)
        LOG_INFO("TZEN = %d : TrustZone %s by option bytes",
                stm32l4_info->tzen,
                stm32l4_info->tzen ? "enabled" : "disabled");
 
    LOG_INFO("RDP level %s (0x%02X)",
            stm32l4_info->rdp == RDP_LEVEL_0 ? "0" : stm32l4_info->rdp == RDP_LEVEL_0_5 ? "0.5" : "1",
            stm32l4_info->rdp);
 
    if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
        bank->size = part_info->otp_size;
 
        LOG_INFO("OTP size is %d bytes, base address is " TARGET_ADDR_FMT, bank->size, bank->base);
 
        /* OTP memory is considered as one sector */
        free(bank->sectors);
        bank->num_sectors = 1;
        bank->sectors = alloc_block_array(0, part_info->otp_size, 1);
 
        if (!bank->sectors) {
            LOG_ERROR("failed to allocate bank sectors");
            return ERROR_FAIL;
        }
 
        stm32l4_info->probed = true;
        return ERROR_OK;
    } else if (bank->base != STM32_FLASH_BANK_BASE && bank->base != STM32_FLASH_S_BANK_BASE) {
        LOG_ERROR("invalid bank base address");
        return ERROR_FAIL;
    }
 
    /* get flash size from target. */
    retval = target_read_u16(target, part_info->fsize_addr, &flash_size_kb);
 
    /* failed reading flash size or flash size invalid (early silicon),
     * default to max target family */
    if (retval != ERROR_OK || flash_size_kb == 0xffff || flash_size_kb == 0
            || flash_size_kb > part_info->max_flash_size_kb) {
        LOG_WARNING("STM32 flash size failed, probe inaccurate - assuming %dk flash",
            part_info->max_flash_size_kb);
        flash_size_kb = part_info->max_flash_size_kb;
    }
 
    /* if the user sets the size manually then ignore the probed value
     * this allows us to work around devices that have a invalid flash size register value */
    if (stm32l4_info->user_bank_size) {
        LOG_WARNING("overriding size register by configured bank size - MAY CAUSE TROUBLE");
        flash_size_kb = stm32l4_info->user_bank_size / 1024;
    }
 
    LOG_INFO("flash size = %d KiB", flash_size_kb);
 
    /* did we assign a flash size? */
    assert((flash_size_kb != 0xffff) && flash_size_kb);
 
    const bool is_max_flash_size = flash_size_kb == stm32l4_info->part_info->max_flash_size_kb;
 
    stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = 0;
    stm32l4_info->hole_sectors = 0;
 
    int num_pages = 0;
    int page_size_kb = 0;
 
    stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode = false;
 
    switch (device_id) {
    case DEVID_STM32L47_L48XX:
    case DEVID_STM32L49_L4AXX:
        /* if flash size is max (1M) the device is always dual bank
         * STM32L47/L48xx: has variants with 512K
         * STM32L49/L4Axx: has variants with 512 and 256
         * for these variants:
         *   if DUAL_BANK = 0 -> single bank
         *   else -> dual bank without gap
         * note: the page size is invariant
         */
        page_size_kb = 2;
        num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
 
        /* check DUAL_BANK option bit if the flash is less than 1M */
        if (is_max_flash_size || (stm32l4_info->optr & FLASH_L4_DUAL_BANK)) {
            stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode = true;
            stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages / 2;
        }
        break;
    case DEVID_STM32L43_L44XX:
    case DEVID_STM32C01XX:
    case DEVID_STM32C03XX:
    case DEVID_STM32C05XX:
    case DEVID_STM32C071XX:
    case DEVID_STM32C09XX:
    case DEVID_STM32G05_G06XX:
    case DEVID_STM32G07_G08XX:
    case DEVID_STM32U031XX:
    case DEVID_STM32U073_U083XX:
    case DEVID_STM32L45_L46XX:
    case DEVID_STM32L41_L42XX:
    case DEVID_STM32G03_G04XX:
    case DEVID_STM32G43_G44XX:
    case DEVID_STM32G49_G4AXX:
    case DEVID_STM32WB1XX:
        /* single bank flash */
        page_size_kb = 2;
        num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
        break;
    case DEVID_STM32G0B_G0CXX:
        /* single/dual bank depending on DUAL_BANK option bit */
        page_size_kb = 2;
        num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
        stm32l4_info->cr_bker_mask = FLASH_BKER_G0;
 
        /* check DUAL_BANK bit */
        if (stm32l4_info->optr & FLASH_G0_DUAL_BANK) {
            stm32l4_info->sr_bsy_mask = FLASH_BSY | FLASH_BSY2;
            stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode = true;
            stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages / 2;
        }
        break;
    case DEVID_STM32G47_G48XX:
        /* STM32G47/8 can be single/dual bank:
         *   if DUAL_BANK = 0 -> single bank
         *   else -> dual bank WITH gap
         */
        page_size_kb = 4;
        num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
        if (stm32l4_info->optr & FLASH_G4_DUAL_BANK) {
            stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode = true;
            page_size_kb = 2;
            num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
            stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages / 2;
 
            /* for devices with trimmed flash, there is a gap between both banks */
            stm32l4_info->hole_sectors =
                (part_info->max_flash_size_kb - flash_size_kb) / (2 * page_size_kb);
        }
        break;
    case DEVID_STM32L4R_L4SXX:
    case DEVID_STM32L4P_L4QXX:
        /* STM32L4R/S can be single/dual bank:
         *   if size = 2M check DBANK bit
         *   if size = 1M check DB1M bit
         * STM32L4P/Q can be single/dual bank
         *   if size = 1M check DBANK bit
         *   if size = 512K check DB512K bit (same as DB1M bit)
         */
        page_size_kb = 8;
        num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
        if ((is_max_flash_size && (stm32l4_info->optr & FLASH_L4R_DBANK)) ||
            (!is_max_flash_size && (stm32l4_info->optr & FLASH_LRR_DB1M))) {
            stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode = true;
            page_size_kb = 4;
            num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
            stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages / 2;
        }
        break;
    case DEVID_STM32L55_L56XX:
        /* STM32L55/L56xx can be single/dual bank:
         *   if size = 512K check DBANK bit
         *   if size = 256K check DB256K bit
         *
         * default page size is 4kb, if DBANK = 1, the page size is 2kb.
         */
 
        page_size_kb = (stm32l4_info->optr & FLASH_L5_DBANK) ? 2 : 4;
        num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
 
        if ((is_max_flash_size && (stm32l4_info->optr & FLASH_L5_DBANK)) ||
            (!is_max_flash_size && (stm32l4_info->optr & FLASH_L5_DB256))) {
            stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode = true;
            stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages / 2;
        }
        break;
    case DEVID_STM32U53_U54XX:
    case DEVID_STM32U57_U58XX:
    case DEVID_STM32U59_U5AXX:
    case DEVID_STM32U5F_U5GXX:
        /* according to RM0456 Rev 4, Chapter 7.3.1 and 7.9.13
         * U53x/U54x have 512K max flash size:
         *   512K variants are always in DUAL BANK mode
         *   256K and 128K variants can be in DUAL BANK mode if FLASH_OPTR:DUALBANK is set
         * U57x/U58x have 2M max flash size:
         *   2M variants are always in DUAL BANK mode
         *   1M variants can be in DUAL BANK mode if FLASH_OPTR:DUALBANK is set
         * U59x/U5Ax/U5Fx/U5Gx have 4M max flash size:
         *   4M variants are always in DUAL BANK mode
         *   2M variants can be in DUAL BANK mode if FLASH_OPTR:DUALBANK is set
         * Note: flash banks are always contiguous
         */
 
        page_size_kb = 8;
        num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
        if (is_max_flash_size || (stm32l4_info->optr & FLASH_U5_DUALBANK)) {
            stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode = true;
            stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages / 2;
        }
        break;
    case DEVID_STM32WBA5X:
        /* single bank flash */
        page_size_kb = 8;
        num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
        break;
    case DEVID_STM32WB5XX:
    case DEVID_STM32WB3XX:
        /* single bank flash */
        page_size_kb = 4;
        num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
        break;
    case DEVID_STM32WLE_WL5XX:
        /* single bank flash */
        page_size_kb = 2;
        num_pages = flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
        stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors = num_pages;
 
        /* CPU2 (Cortex-M0+) is supported only with non-hla adapters because it is on AP1.
         * Using HLA adapters armv7m->debug_ap is null, and checking ap_num triggers a segfault */
        if (armv7m->debug_ap && armv7m->debug_ap->ap_num == 1)
            stm32l4_info->flash_regs = stm32wl_cpu2_flash_regs;
        break;
    default:
        LOG_ERROR("unsupported device");
        return ERROR_FAIL;
    }
 
    /* ensure that at least there is 1 flash sector / page */
    if (num_pages == 0) {
        if (stm32l4_info->user_bank_size)
            LOG_ERROR("The specified flash size is less than page size");
 
        LOG_ERROR("Flash pages count cannot be zero");
        return ERROR_FAIL;
    }
 
    LOG_INFO("flash mode : %s-bank", stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode ? "dual" : "single");
 
    const int gap_size_kb = stm32l4_info->hole_sectors * page_size_kb;
 
    if (gap_size_kb != 0) {
        LOG_INFO("gap detected from 0x%08x to 0x%08x",
            STM32_FLASH_BANK_BASE + stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors
                * page_size_kb * 1024,
            STM32_FLASH_BANK_BASE + (stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors
                * page_size_kb + gap_size_kb) * 1024 - 1);
    }
 
    /* number of significant bits in WRPxxR differs per device,
     * always right adjusted, on some devices non-implemented
     * bits read as '0', on others as '1' ...
     * notably G4 Cat. 2 implement only 6 bits, contradicting the RM
     */
 
    /* use *max_flash_size* instead of actual size as the trimmed versions
     * certainly use the same number of bits
     */
    uint32_t max_pages = stm32l4_info->part_info->max_flash_size_kb / page_size_kb;
 
    /* in dual bank mode number of pages is doubled, but extra bit is bank selection */
    stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask = ((max_pages >> (stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode ? 1 : 0)) - 1);
    assert((stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask & 0xFFFF0000) == 0);
    LOG_DEBUG("WRPxxR mask 0x%04" PRIx16, (uint16_t)stm32l4_info->wrpxxr_mask);
 
    free(bank->sectors);
 
    bank->size = (flash_size_kb + gap_size_kb) * 1024;
    bank->num_sectors = num_pages;
    bank->sectors = malloc(sizeof(struct flash_sector) * bank->num_sectors);
    if (!bank->sectors) {
        LOG_ERROR("failed to allocate bank sectors");
        return ERROR_FAIL;
    }
 
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < bank->num_sectors; i++) {
        bank->sectors[i].offset = i * page_size_kb * 1024;
        /* in dual bank configuration, if there is a gap between banks
         * we fix up the sector offset to consider this gap */
        if (i >= stm32l4_info->bank1_sectors && stm32l4_info->hole_sectors)
            bank->sectors[i].offset += gap_size_kb * 1024;
        bank->sectors[i].size = page_size_kb * 1024;
        bank->sectors[i].is_erased = -1;
        bank->sectors[i].is_protected = 1;
    }
 
    stm32l4_info->probed = true;
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
static int stm32l4_auto_probe(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    if (stm32l4_info->probed) {
        uint32_t optr_cur;
 
        /* save flash_regs_base */
        uint32_t saved_flash_regs_base = stm32l4_info->flash_regs_base;
 
        /* for devices with TrustZone, use NS flash registers to read OPTR */
        if (stm32l4_info->part_info->flags & F_HAS_L5_FLASH_REGS)
            stm32l4_info->flash_regs_base &= ~STM32L5_REGS_SEC_OFFSET;
 
        /* read flash option register and re-probe if optr value is changed */
        int retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX, &optr_cur);
 
        /* restore saved flash_regs_base */
        stm32l4_info->flash_regs_base = saved_flash_regs_base;
 
        if (retval != ERROR_OK)
            return retval;
 
        if (stm32l4_info->optr == optr_cur)
            return ERROR_OK;
    }
 
    return stm32l4_probe(bank);
}
 
static int get_stm32l4_info(struct flash_bank *bank, struct command_invocation *cmd)
{
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    const struct stm32l4_part_info *part_info = stm32l4_info->part_info;
 
    if (part_info) {
        const uint16_t rev_id = stm32l4_info->idcode >> 16;
        command_print_sameline(cmd, "%s - Rev %s : 0x%04x", part_info->device_str,
                get_stm32l4_rev_str(bank), rev_id);
        if (stm32l4_info->probed)
            command_print_sameline(cmd, " - %s-bank", get_stm32l4_bank_type_str(bank));
    } else {
        command_print_sameline(cmd, "Cannot identify target as an %s device", device_families);
    }
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
static int stm32l4_mass_erase(struct flash_bank *bank)
{
    int retval, retval2;
    struct target *target = bank->target;
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
 
    if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
        LOG_ERROR("cannot erase OTP memory");
        return ERROR_FLASH_OPER_UNSUPPORTED;
    }
 
    uint32_t action = FLASH_MER1;
 
    if (stm32l4_info->part_info->flags & F_HAS_DUAL_BANK)
        action |= FLASH_MER2;
 
    if (target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
        LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
        return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
    }
 
    if (stm32l4_info->tzen && (stm32l4_info->rdp == RDP_LEVEL_0)) {
        /* set all FLASH pages as secure */
        retval = stm32l4_set_secbb(bank, FLASH_SECBB_SECURE);
        if (retval != ERROR_OK) {
            /* restore all FLASH pages as non-secure */
            stm32l4_set_secbb(bank, FLASH_SECBB_NON_SECURE); /* ignore the return value */
            return retval;
        }
    }
 
    retval = stm32l4_unlock_reg(bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        goto err_lock;
 
    /* mass erase flash memory */
    retval = stm32l4_wait_status_busy(bank, FLASH_ERASE_TIMEOUT / 10);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        goto err_lock;
 
    retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, action);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        goto err_lock;
 
    retval = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_CR_INDEX, action | FLASH_STRT);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        goto err_lock;
 
    retval = stm32l4_wait_status_busy(bank, FLASH_ERASE_TIMEOUT);
 
err_lock:
    retval2 = stm32l4_write_flash_reg_by_index(bank, stm32l4_get_flash_cr_with_lock_index(bank), FLASH_LOCK);
 
    if (stm32l4_info->tzen && (stm32l4_info->rdp == RDP_LEVEL_0)) {
        /* restore all FLASH pages as non-secure */
        int retval3 = stm32l4_set_secbb(bank, FLASH_SECBB_NON_SECURE);
        if (retval3 != ERROR_OK)
            return retval3;
    }
 
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    return retval2;
}
 
COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_mass_erase_command)
{
    if (CMD_ARGC != 1)
        return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
 
    struct flash_bank *bank;
    int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    retval = stm32l4_mass_erase(bank);
    if (retval == ERROR_OK)
        command_print(CMD, "stm32l4x mass erase complete");
    else
        command_print(CMD, "stm32l4x mass erase failed");
 
    return retval;
}
 
COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_option_read_command)
{
    if (CMD_ARGC != 2)
        return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
 
    struct flash_bank *bank;
    int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    uint32_t reg_offset, reg_addr;
    uint32_t value = 0;
 
    COMMAND_PARSE_NUMBER(u32, CMD_ARGV[1], reg_offset);
    reg_addr = stm32l4_get_flash_reg(bank, reg_offset);
 
    retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg(bank, reg_offset, &value);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    command_print(CMD, "Option Register: <0x%" PRIx32 "> = 0x%" PRIx32 "", reg_addr, value);
 
    return retval;
}
 
COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_option_write_command)
{
    if (CMD_ARGC != 3 && CMD_ARGC != 4)
        return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
 
    struct flash_bank *bank;
    int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    uint32_t reg_offset;
    uint32_t value = 0;
    uint32_t mask = 0xFFFFFFFF;
 
    COMMAND_PARSE_NUMBER(u32, CMD_ARGV[1], reg_offset);
    COMMAND_PARSE_NUMBER(u32, CMD_ARGV[2], value);
 
    if (CMD_ARGC > 3)
        COMMAND_PARSE_NUMBER(u32, CMD_ARGV[3], mask);
 
    command_print(CMD, "%s Option written.\n"
                "INFO: a reset or power cycle is required "
                "for the new settings to take effect.", bank->driver->name);
 
    retval = stm32l4_write_option(bank, reg_offset, value, mask);
    return retval;
}
 
COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_trustzone_command)
{
    if (CMD_ARGC < 1 || CMD_ARGC > 2)
        return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
 
    struct flash_bank *bank;
    int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    if (!(stm32l4_info->part_info->flags & F_HAS_TZ)) {
        LOG_ERROR("This device does not have a TrustZone");
        return ERROR_FAIL;
    }
 
    retval = stm32l4_read_flash_reg_by_index(bank, STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX, &stm32l4_info->optr);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    stm32l4_sync_rdp_tzen(bank);
 
    if (CMD_ARGC == 1) {
        /* only display the TZEN value */
        LOG_INFO("Global TrustZone Security is %s", stm32l4_info->tzen ? "enabled" : "disabled");
        return ERROR_OK;
    }
 
    bool new_tzen;
    COMMAND_PARSE_ENABLE(CMD_ARGV[1], new_tzen);
 
    if (new_tzen == stm32l4_info->tzen) {
        LOG_INFO("The requested TZEN is already programmed");
        return ERROR_OK;
    }
 
    if (new_tzen) {
        if (stm32l4_info->rdp != RDP_LEVEL_0) {
            LOG_ERROR("TZEN can be set only when RDP level is 0");
            return ERROR_FAIL;
        }
        retval = stm32l4_write_option(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX],
                FLASH_TZEN, FLASH_TZEN);
    } else {
        /* Deactivation of TZEN (from 1 to 0) is only possible when the RDP is
         * changing to level 0 (from level 1 to level 0 or from level 0.5 to level 0). */
        if (stm32l4_info->rdp != RDP_LEVEL_1 && stm32l4_info->rdp != RDP_LEVEL_0_5) {
            LOG_ERROR("Deactivation of TZEN is only possible when the RDP is changing to level 0");
            return ERROR_FAIL;
        }
 
        retval = stm32l4_write_option(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX],
                RDP_LEVEL_0, FLASH_RDP_MASK | FLASH_TZEN);
    }
 
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    return stm32l4_perform_obl_launch(bank);
}
 
COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_option_load_command)
{
    if (CMD_ARGC != 1)
        return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
 
    struct flash_bank *bank;
    int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    retval = stm32l4_perform_obl_launch(bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK) {
        command_print(CMD, "stm32l4x option load failed");
        return retval;
    }
 
 
    command_print(CMD, "stm32l4x option load completed. Power-on reset might be required");
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_lock_command)
{
    struct target *target = NULL;
 
    if (CMD_ARGC != 1)
        return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
 
    struct flash_bank *bank;
    int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
        LOG_ERROR("cannot lock/unlock OTP memory");
        return ERROR_FLASH_OPER_UNSUPPORTED;
    }
 
    target = bank->target;
 
    if (target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
        LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
        return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
    }
 
    /* set readout protection level 1 by erasing the RDP option byte */
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    if (stm32l4_write_option(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX],
            RDP_LEVEL_1, FLASH_RDP_MASK) != ERROR_OK) {
        command_print(CMD, "%s failed to lock device", bank->driver->name);
        return ERROR_OK;
    }
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_unlock_command)
{
    struct target *target = NULL;
 
    if (CMD_ARGC != 1)
        return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
 
    struct flash_bank *bank;
    int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
        LOG_ERROR("cannot lock/unlock OTP memory");
        return ERROR_FLASH_OPER_UNSUPPORTED;
    }
 
    target = bank->target;
 
    if (target->state != TARGET_HALTED) {
        LOG_ERROR("Target not halted");
        return ERROR_TARGET_NOT_HALTED;
    }
 
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    if (stm32l4_write_option(bank, stm32l4_info->flash_regs[STM32_FLASH_OPTR_INDEX],
            RDP_LEVEL_0, FLASH_RDP_MASK) != ERROR_OK) {
        command_print(CMD, "%s failed to unlock device", bank->driver->name);
        return ERROR_OK;
    }
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_wrp_info_command)
{
    if (CMD_ARGC < 1 || CMD_ARGC > 2)
        return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
 
    struct flash_bank *bank;
    int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    if (stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
        LOG_ERROR("OTP memory does not have write protection areas");
        return ERROR_FLASH_OPER_UNSUPPORTED;
    }
 
    struct stm32l4_flash_bank *stm32l4_info = bank->driver_priv;
    enum stm32_bank_id dev_bank_id = STM32_ALL_BANKS;
    if (CMD_ARGC == 2) {
        if (strcmp(CMD_ARGV[1], "bank1") == 0)
            dev_bank_id = STM32_BANK1;
        else if (strcmp(CMD_ARGV[1], "bank2") == 0)
            dev_bank_id = STM32_BANK2;
        else
            return ERROR_COMMAND_ARGUMENT_INVALID;
    }
 
    if (dev_bank_id == STM32_BANK2) {
        if (!(stm32l4_info->part_info->flags & F_HAS_DUAL_BANK)) {
            LOG_ERROR("this device has no second bank");
            return ERROR_FAIL;
        } else if (!stm32l4_info->dual_bank_mode) {
            LOG_ERROR("this device is configured in single bank mode");
            return ERROR_FAIL;
        }
    }
 
    int ret;
    unsigned int n_wrp, i;
    struct stm32l4_wrp wrpxy[4];
 
    ret = stm32l4_get_all_wrpxy(bank, dev_bank_id, wrpxy, &n_wrp);
    if (ret != ERROR_OK)
        return ret;
 
    /* use bitmap and range helpers to better describe protected areas */
    DECLARE_BITMAP(pages, bank->num_sectors);
    bitmap_zero(pages, bank->num_sectors);
 
    for (i = 0; i < n_wrp; i++) {
        if (wrpxy[i].used) {
            for (int p = wrpxy[i].first; p <= wrpxy[i].last; p++)
                set_bit(p, pages);
        }
    }
 
    /* we have at most 'n_wrp' WRP areas */
    struct range ranges[n_wrp];
    unsigned int ranges_count = 0;
 
    bitmap_to_ranges(pages, bank->num_sectors, ranges, &ranges_count);
 
    if (ranges_count > 0) {
        /* pretty-print the protected ranges */
        char *ranges_str = range_print_alloc(ranges, ranges_count);
        command_print(CMD, "protected areas: %s", ranges_str);
        free(ranges_str);
    } else
        command_print(CMD, "no protected areas");
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
COMMAND_HANDLER(stm32l4_handle_otp_command)
{
    if (CMD_ARGC != 2)
        return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
 
    struct flash_bank *bank;
    int retval = CALL_COMMAND_HANDLER(flash_command_get_bank, 0, &bank);
    if (retval != ERROR_OK)
        return retval;
 
    if (!stm32l4_is_otp(bank)) {
        command_print(CMD, "the specified bank is not an OTP memory");
        return ERROR_FAIL;
    }
    if (strcmp(CMD_ARGV[1], "enable") == 0)
        stm32l4_otp_enable(bank, true);
    else if (strcmp(CMD_ARGV[1], "disable") == 0)
        stm32l4_otp_enable(bank, false);
    else if (strcmp(CMD_ARGV[1], "show") == 0)
        command_print(CMD, "OTP memory bank #%d is %s for write commands.",
                bank->bank_number, stm32l4_otp_is_enabled(bank) ? "enabled" : "disabled");
    else
        return ERROR_COMMAND_SYNTAX_ERROR;
 
    return ERROR_OK;
}
 
static const struct command_registration stm32l4_exec_command_handlers[] = {
    {
        .name = "lock",
        .handler = stm32l4_handle_lock_command,
        .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
        .usage = "bank_id",
        .help = "Lock entire flash device.",
    },
    {
        .name = "unlock",
        .handler = stm32l4_handle_unlock_command,
        .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
        .usage = "bank_id",
        .help = "Unlock entire protected flash device.",
    },
    {
        .name = "mass_erase",
        .handler = stm32l4_handle_mass_erase_command,
        .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
        .usage = "bank_id",
        .help = "Erase entire flash device.",
    },
    {
        .name = "option_read",
        .handler = stm32l4_handle_option_read_command,
        .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
        .usage = "bank_id reg_offset",
        .help = "Read & Display device option bytes.",
    },
    {
        .name = "option_write",
        .handler = stm32l4_handle_option_write_command,
        .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
        .usage = "bank_id reg_offset value [mask]",
        .help = "Write device option bit fields with provided value.",
    },
    {
        .name = "trustzone",
        .handler = stm32l4_handle_trustzone_command,
        .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
        .usage = "<bank_id> [enable|disable]",
        .help = "Configure TrustZone security",
    },
    {
        .name = "wrp_info",
        .handler = stm32l4_handle_wrp_info_command,
        .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
        .usage = "bank_id [bank1|bank2]",
        .help = "list the protected areas using WRP",
    },
    {
        .name = "option_load",
        .handler = stm32l4_handle_option_load_command,
        .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
        .usage = "bank_id",
        .help = "Force re-load of device options (will cause device reset).",
    },
    {
        .name = "otp",
        .handler = stm32l4_handle_otp_command,
        .mode = COMMAND_EXEC,
        .usage = "<bank_id> <enable|disable|show>",
        .help = "OTP (One Time Programmable) memory write enable/disable",
    },
    COMMAND_REGISTRATION_DONE
};
 
static const struct command_registration stm32l4_command_handlers[] = {
    {
        .name = "stm32l4x",
        .mode = COMMAND_ANY,
        .help = "stm32l4x flash command group",
        .usage = "",
        .chain = stm32l4_exec_command_handlers,
    },
    COMMAND_REGISTRATION_DONE
};
 
const struct flash_driver stm32l4x_flash = {
    .name = "stm32l4x",
    .commands = stm32l4_command_handlers,
    .flash_bank_command = stm32l4_flash_bank_command,
    .erase = stm32l4_erase,
    .protect = stm32l4_protect,
    .write = stm32l4_write,
    .read = default_flash_read,
    .probe = stm32l4_probe,
    .auto_probe = stm32l4_auto_probe,
    .erase_check = default_flash_blank_check,
    .protect_check = stm32l4_protect_check,
    .info = get_stm32l4_info,
    .free_driver_priv = default_flash_free_driver_priv,
};